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.The responseservices) previously delivered by publicmay itself be taken as an indication of theauthorities ("social privatisation")lively interest that voluntary organisations inchanges in public preferences away fromthe different Member States have inuniform and relatively impersonal services of thedevelopments at a European level.kind typically provided by public authoritiesI.3 Given the method used, which was thetowards the more individual client-orientedonly one open to the Commission, the studyapproach favoured by voluntary organisationsmust be regarded as strictly exploratory and itsthe identification of a whole range of newresults, which are not in any sense scientific,needs and the growth of new socialshould be treated with caution.The findings are,preoccupations (e.g.sexual equality, thehowever, of interest and are discussed below.environment and preservation of the biosphere,Growth of the sectorforeign aid to developing countries followingthe granting of independence to former coloniesI.4 All the evidence suggests that thein the 60's, peace etc.)associative sector has grown enormously sincethe employment crisis in the late 70's andthe end of the last war and the survey clearlyearly 80's leading to the creation ofreflects this phenomenon, highlighting in16 employment schemes involving voluntary I.8 Of the federations responding to theorganisations survey very nearly half represented more thanfifty organisations, with 9% representing overhistorical reasons peculiar to particular500.Such bodies do, of course indirectlyMember States such as the release of pent-uprepresent large numbers of members ofassociative demand following political changesindividual voluntary organisations: in our samplein Spain and Portugal or the movement to createover half (55%) of federations indirectlystructures outside the purview of the staterepresented more than 10 000 members withfollowing the social and political upheavals of32% representing over 100 000.The average1968number of members indirectly represented wasdemographic changes taking place inover 1 300 000.Europe such as the increasing number ofI.9 The size of voluntary organisations andretired/unemployed people leading Memberfederations appears to vary according to aStates to offload services from the State to thenumber of factors.Larger bodies tend to beprivate and associative sectors as a way ofolder, as do organisations working in fields ofcutting public expenditureobvious and enduring interest, such as socialNumbers of membersservices and education.As has already beenremarked, voluntary organisations with wideI.6 One well-known voluntary organisation ingeographical scope tend to be larger than thosethe Community has over 13 million members.with a relatively parochial focus.The size of theMost voluntary organisations, however, aremembership also reflected to some degree thesmall, often having no more than a handful ofsize and relative wealth of the Member Stateactive adherents.Because of the methods usedand the relative maturity of the sector.by the Commission, the sample contains aEmploymentdisproportionate number (30%) of "intermediaryorganisations" in the sense explained inI.10 The numbers of staff employed byparagraph 4 and of national organisations.Thevoluntary organisations varies very widely -results will therefore have considerablyfrom none at all to many thousands.The greatoverestimated the average size of voluntarymajority of voluntary organisations are, inorganisations in the Community.(Mosteffect, small enterprises and, like theirintermediary organisations responding to thecounterparts in the conventional economy, mostsurvey were federations - that is, umbrellaemploy no more than a handful of staff.A few,bodies providing some centralised services (suchhowever, are large organisations by anyas information and combined lobbying) for astandards, employing large numbers of full andnumber of separate voluntary organisations orpart-time salaried staff.branches (usually with their own legal identity)working in the same field.Nonetheless the I.11 The average voluntary organisation in ourfigures are of interest.sample employed 40 full and 10 part-time staff.The equivalent average figure for intermediaryI.7 In the sample, about 40% of voluntaryorganisations was a little higher.These averagesorganisations had fewer than 100 members anddo, however, conceal wide variations.Thusmore than half had fewer than 200.The rangesome 14% of our sample employed no paid staffwas, however, very wide.Thus 13% of theat all, 17% employed over 50 people (full andsample had between 1 000 and 5 000 members,part-time), 6% between 101 and 500, and 4%and 15% had over 5 000.As would beover 501.The commonest number of employeesexpected, national organisations tended to havewas between 1 and 5.Full-time staff appear tomore members than those with a regional focuswork on average for 36 hours a week and part-- they appear, roughly speaking, to have twicetimers for 20 hours.These figures varied lessas many members as regional organisations.from country to country than they did according17 to the area in which the voluntary organisation education, or social services
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